15 Potassium Carbonate Solution Preparation

Chemic compound

Potassium carbonate
Names



IUPAC proper name Potassium carbonate
Other names Carbonate of potash, dipotassium carbonate, sub-carbonate of potash, pearl ash, potash, salt of tartar, salt of wormwood.
Identifiers
CAS Number	584-08-7 ^Y 6381-79-9 sesquihydrate^Y
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChEBI	CHEBI:131526 ^N
ChemSpider	10949 ^Y
ECHA InfoCard	100.008.665
E number	E501(i) (acerbity regulators, ...)
PubChem CID	11430
RTECS number	TS7750000
UNII	BQN1B9B9HA ^Y L9300DKS8U (sesquihydrate)^Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID2036245
InChI InChI=1S/CH2O3.2K/c2-1(iii)4;;/h(H2,ii,3,4);;/q;two+1/p-ii^Y Fundamental: BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-Fifty^Y InChI=1/CH2O3.2K/c2-1(3)4;;/h(H2,2,3,4);;/q;ii+1/p-2 Fundamental: BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-NUQVWONBAS
SMILES C(=O)([O-])[O-].[K+].[1000+]
Properties
Chemical formula	One thousand ₂ CO ₃
Molar mass	138.205 g/mol
Appearance	White, hygroscopic solid
Density	2.43thousand/cm^three
Melting point	891 °C (i,636 °F; ane,164 Thou)
Humid signal	Decomposes
Solubility in water	110.iiig/100 mL (20°C) 149.2grand/100 mL (100°C)
Solubility	3.eleveng/100 mL (25°C) methanol Insoluble in alcohol, acetone
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	−59.0·10^{−half-dozen} cm^three/mol
Thermochemistry^[i]
Rut capacity (C)	114.4 J·mol⁻¹·Thousand^−one
Std molar entropy (S ^o ₂₉₈)	155.5 J·mol⁻¹·Grand^−one
Std enthalpy of formation (Δ_f H ^⦵ ₂₉₈)	−1151.0 kJ·mol^−ane
Gibbs free energy (Δ_f G˚)	−1063.5 kJ·mol^−ane
Enthalpy of fusion (Δ_f H ^⦵ _fus)	27.half dozen kJ·mol⁻¹
Hazards
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Point word	Warning
Hazard statements	H302, H315, H319, H335
Precautionary statements	P261, P305+P351+P338
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	1 0 0
Flash point	Non-flammable
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD_l (median dose)	1870mg/kg (oral, rat)^[2]
Rubber data sail (SDS)	ICSC 1588
Related compounds
Other anions	Potassium bicarbonate
Other cations	Lithium carbonate Sodium carbonate Rubidium carbonate Caesium carbonate
Related compounds	Ammonium carbonate
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard land (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Nverify (what is^{Y N} ?) Infobox references

Chemical compound

Potassium carbonate is the inorganic compound with the formula Thou₂CO_three. It is a white table salt, which is soluble in water. It is deliquescent, often actualization every bit a damp or wet solid. Potassium carbonate is mainly used in the production of lather and drinking glass.^[3]

History [edit]

Potassium carbonate is the primary component of potash and the more refined pearl ash or salts of tartar. Historically, pearl ash was created past baking potash in a kiln to remove impurities. The fine, white powder remaining was the pearl ash. The showtime patent issued by the Us Patent Function was awarded to Samuel Hopkins in 1790 for an improved method of making potash and pearl ash.

In belatedly 18th-century Due north America, before the development of baking powder, pearl ash was used as a leavening amanuensis for quick breads.^[4] ^[5]

Production [edit]

Potassium carbonate is prepared commercially past the reaction potassium hydroxide with carbon dioxide:^[3]

2 KOH + CO₂ → M₂CO₃ + H₂O

From the solution crystallizes the sesquihydrate K₂CO₃· 3⁄2 H_twoO ("potash hydrate"). Heating this solid above 200 °C (392 °F) gives the anhydrous salt. In an alternative method, potassium chloride is treated with carbon dioxide in the presence of an organic amine to give potassium bicarbonate, which is so calcined:

two KHCO_iii → K₂CO₃ + H_iiO + CO₂

Applications [edit]

(historically) for soap, glass, and dishware production
as a mild drying agent where other drying agents, such as calcium chloride and magnesium sulfate, may be incompatible. It is not suitable for acidic compounds, but tin exist useful for drying an organic phase if i has a modest corporeality of acidic impurity. It may also be used to dry some ketones, alcohols, and amines prior to distillation.^[six]
in cuisine, where information technology has many traditional uses. It is an ingredient in the production of grass jelly, a food consumed in Chinese and Southeast Asian cuisines, as well every bit Chinese hand-pulled noodles and mooncakes. It is likewise used to tenderize tripe. High german gingerbread recipes often use potassium carbonate as a baking agent, although in combination with hartshorn. Utilise of potassium carbonate must be limited to a certain amount to forestall impairment, and should not exist used without guidance.
in the alkalization of cocoa powder to produce Dutch process chocolate by balancing the pH (i.eastward., reduce the acidity) of natural cocoa beans; it also enhances aroma. The process of adding potassium carbonate to cocoa powder is unremarkably called "Dutching" (and the products referred to as Dutch-processed cocoa powder), every bit the process was get-go developed in 1828 past Dutchman Coenraad Johannes van Houten.
as a buffering amanuensis in the production of mead or wine.
in antique documents, information technology is reported to have been used to soften difficult water.^[7]
as a fire suppressant in extinguishing deep-fat fryers and various other B class-related fires.
in condensed aerosol fire suppression, although every bit the byproduct of potassium nitrate.
as an ingredient in welding fluxes, and in the flux coating on arc-welding rods.
as an beast feed ingredient to satisfy the potassium requirements of farmed animals such as broiler breeder chickens.
as an acidity regulator in Swedish snus snuff tobacco

References [edit]

^ CRC handbook of chemical science and physics : a gear up-reference book of chemical and concrete information. William M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno (2016-2017, 97th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida. 2016. ISBN978-1-4987-5428-6. OCLC 930681942. {{cite volume}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ Chambers, Michael. "ChemIDplus - 584-08-7 - BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-50 - Potassium carbonate [USP] - Similar structures search, synonyms, formulas, resource links, and other chemical information". chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2014-08-12.
^ ^a ^b H. Schultz, Yard. Bauer, Eastward. Schachl, F. Hagedorn, P. Schmittinger (2005). "Potassium Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a22_039. ISBN3527306730. {{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
^ See references to "pearl ash" in "American Cookery" by Amelia Simmons, printed past Hudson & Goodwin, Hartford, 1796.
^ Civitello, Linda (2017). Baking powder wars : the cutthroat food fight that revolutionized cooking. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. pp. eighteen–22. ISBN9780252041082.
^ Leonard, J.; Lygo, B.; Procter, K. "Avant-garde Practical Organic Chemical science" 1998, Stanley Thomas Publishers Ltd
^ Child, Lydia M. "The American Frugal Housewife" 1832

Bibliography [edit]

A Dictionary of Science, Oxford University Press, New York, 2004
Yu. Platonov, Andrew; Evdokimov, Andrey; Kurzin, Alexander; D. Maiyorova, Helen (29 June 2002). "Solubility of Potassium Carbonate and Potassium Hydrocarbonate in Methanol". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 47 (5): 1175–1176. doi:10.1021/je020012v.

External links [edit]

International Chemical Safety Card 1588